\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{ctex,siunitx}
\setCJKmainfont{Noto Serif CJK SC}
\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usetikzlibrary{patterns, calc}
\usetikzlibrary {decorations.pathmorphing, decorations.pathreplacing, decorations.shapes,}
\begin{document}
\small
\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,scale=1]
  \draw (0,0) [fill=white] circle(2pt);
  \foreach \x in{36,72,...,360}
  {
      \draw[dashed,->](\x:.25)--(\x: 1);
  }
  \node at (0,.3){Po};
  \node at (0,-1.2){$\alpha$ 粒子};
  \draw [pattern=north east lines] (1.3,-.3) rectangle (1.5,.3);
  \node at (1.4,.6){Be};
  \node at (3.4,.8){未知射线};
  \foreach \x in{6,3,0,...,-6}
  {
      \draw[dashed,->](\x:1.7)--(\x: 5);
  }
  \draw  (5.3,-.3) rectangle (5.5,.3);
  
  \foreach \x in{6,3,0,...,-6}
  {
      \draw[dashed,->](\x:1.7)--(\x: 5);
  }
  \draw [dashed,->] (5.6, 0)--(6.6, 0);
  \draw [dashed,->] (5.6, 0.1)--(6.6, .3);
  \draw [dashed,->] (5.6, -.1)--(6.6, -.3);
  \node at (5.4,.6){石蜡};
  \node at (6.1,-.6){质子};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}